China’s response to global challenges, including efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, has been widely discussed. However, the dearth of official Chinese data on its global development activities has complicated empirical assessments. This article introduces a systematic way to measure China’s foreign aid through official customs records…

This paper examines the spread of electric refrigerators in U.S. households as a technological shock that replaced manual labor in ice retailing during the 1930s. Households initially used iceboxes for refrigerated food preservation, requiring regular replenishment of ice blocks and delivery by iceman. With the advent of electric refrigeration, such…

The transition towards sustainable economic growth has gained increasing attention due to the urgency of the climate crisis and the need to reduce resource dependency. This study examines the relationship between green energy production and green total factor productivity (GTFP), a metric incorporating environmental factors into traditional productivity measures. Using…